Stanley Milgram’s Behavioral Study of Obedience Essay

â€Å"The smart way to keep people passive and obedient is to strictly limit the spectrum of acceptable opinion, but allow very lively debate within that spectrum....† ― Noam Chomsky, The Common Good â€Å"Disobedience is the true foundation of liberty. The obedient must be slaves.† ― Henry David Thoreau In the early 1960’s Stanley Milgram (1963) performed an experiment titled Behavioral Study of Obedience to measure compliance levels of test subjects prompted to administer punishment to learners. The experiment had surprising results. Purpose of the research. Stanley Milgram’s (1963), Behavioral Study of Obedience measured how far an ordinary subject will go beyond their fundamental moral character to comply with direction from†¦show more content†¦The subjects were informed that the punishment would not cause permanent tissue damage, however, could be extremely painful. The subjects observed the learner/accomplice being prepared with electrodes strapped in a chair. The teacher/subjects read a series of word-pairs to the learner then read the first word of the pair along with four terms. The learner’s role was to pair the first word with the correct term (Milgram, 1963). The learner would then press one of four switches attached to an electrical shock generator indicating his response. Unknown to the teacher, â€Å"in all conditions the learner gives a predetermined set of responses to the word pair test, based on the schedule of approximately three wrong answers to one correct answer† (Milgram, 1963). To authenticate the potential electrical intensity to the learner the teacher is sampled with a 45-volt shock to the wrist. The teacher is then instructed to administer an incrementally increasing punishing electrical shock for each incorrect answer. This follows several methods to inform the teacher of the potential impact of the electrical shock that they will administer. These included, warnings listing the voltage range of 15 to 450-volts labeled Slight Shock, Moderate Shock, Strong Shock, Extreme Intensity Shock, Danger Severe Shock, and XXX, bright redShow MoreRelatedCritique of Stanley Milgram’s â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience†905 Words   |  4 PagesA Critique of Stanley Milgram’s â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience† Stanley MIlgram is a Yale University social psychologist who wrote â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience†, an article which granted him many awards and is now considered a landmark. In this piece, he evaluates the extent to which a participant is willing to conform to an authority figure who commands him to execute acts that conflict with his moral beliefs. Milgram discovers that the majority of participants do obey to authority. InRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Perils Of Obedience Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesStill, many questions still remain prevalent as to how an individual reaches his or her decision on obedience in a distressing environment. Inspired by Nazi trials, Stanley Milgram, an American psychologist, questions the social norm in â€Å"Perils of Obedience† (1964), where he conducted a study to test how far the average American was willing to for under the pressures of an authority figure. Milgram s study showed that under the orders of an a uthoritative figure, 64% of average Americans had the capabilityRead MoreEssay on The Controversial Issues of Obedience1136 Words   |  5 PagesIndividuals think differently when it comes to obedience. One might think of how we train dogs to be obedient, another might relate obedience to punishing a child for breaking a rule, or even others think about Hitlers Regime in Germany. When it comes to obedience, there are several sides. Stanley Milgrams article, Obedience to Authority, expresses his view of obedience as an intensely embedded behavioral tendency to obey where a potent impulse can override training in ethics, sympathy, andRead MoreEssay on The Milgram Experiment1572 Words   |  7 PagesThe Milgram Experiment (Hart) Stanley Milgram’s experiment in the way people respond to obedience is one of the most important experiments ever administered. The goal of Milgram’s experiment was to find the desire of the participants to shock a learner in a controlled situation. When the volunteer would be ordered to shock the wrong answers of the victims, Milgram was truly judging and studying how people respond to authority. Milgram discovered something both troubling and awe inspiring about theRead MoreJournal Review : Behavioral Study Of Obedience Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesJournal Review of Behavioral Study of Obedience In 1963, Stanley Milgram conducted research, where the findings were published in the article, ‘Behavioral Study of Obedience.’ Milgram wanted to study the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience, by conducting an experiment where participants were ordered by authority to deliver strong electric shocks to another person. From an ad posted in a newspaper, Stanley Milgram choose 40 male participants between the ages of 20 andRead MoreThe Levels Of Obedience1224 Words   |  5 PagesHolo-caust, Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment to study the levels of obedience to authority; he used his experiment to find where evil resided in people and to discover the cause of the Holo-caust. Some people found his findings useful information, while others thought his experiment was morally unacceptable due to his use of deception. Diana Baumrind, author of â€Å"Some Thoughts on the Ethics of Research: After Reading Milgram’s ‘Behavioral Study of Obedi-ence,’† disagrees with Milgram’s use of deceptionRead MoreObedience Is The Psychological Mechanism That Links Individual Action1065 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Obedience is the psychological mechanism that links individual action to political purpose.† (Milgram, 1963). As a Psychologist at Yale University, Milgram proposed an experiment mainly focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. In the 1960’s, Stanley Milgram analyzed justifications for genocide acts by those accused during World War II. The Nuremberg War Criminal trials, States the people were thought of them as simply following orders from their higher ranksRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Hobbes s Leviathan 1268 Words   |  6 Pagesattention to the decision making of the individual in fulfilling a covenant. However, through a reading of Stanley Milgram in â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience,† one is able to comprehend that after an individual has voluntarily committed to an agreement, in this case an experiment, they suddenly feel obliged to remain submissive and adhere to the instructions of the authority. Thus, considering Milgram’s contention that after submission to an authority there is no personal power in choosing to stop is crucialRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Behavi oral Study Of Obedience 965 Words   |  4 Pagesstate of mind, a test subject must obtain a sense of submission or obedience.   In Stanley Milgram’s â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience†, he elaborates on the notion of obedience with accordance to the behaviors of a higher power and his subjects. Milgram’s defines obedience as â€Å"the psychological mechanism that links individual  action  to political  pur-pose.  It  is the dispositional  cement  that  binds men to systems of authority† (371). Milgram’s experiment was conducted with response to the Nazi war trials.Read MoreDeception Is Not Based On Ethical Concerns1413 Words   |  6 Pagesthat holds a position of authority was studied by Stanley Milgram. His experiments and research are well known. Gilovich et al (2012) classifies his experiments as â€Å"being part of our society’s shared intellectual legacy – that small body of historical incidents, biblical parables, and classic literature that serious thinkers feel free to draw on when they debate about human nature or contemplate human history† (Gilovich et al, 2012). Milgram Obedience Experiments Ethical and moral concerns often exist

Biological Determinants Of Hiv / Aids - 2074 Words

During 1980, physicians encountered a new kind of illness. This â€Å"illness† was later known to be HIV/AIDS. The unmanageable infection spread quickly and those who were infected died even with optimal therapy. Mass panic came to realize the-the disease was linked to sex, blood, and drugs. This disease was not only â€Å"strange† because of its singular clinical and epidemiologic characteristics, but also foreign that was brought by strangers. It seemed to have come from an underdeveloped part in the world. In this paper, I will research biological determinants of HIV/AIDS. HIV is a human immunodeficiency virus for which the virus is responsible for HIV infections. The virus attacks the immune system making it impossible for the immune system to fight off infections and diseases. HIV is a lentil retrovirus with a genetic complexity not seen previously among any kind of retrovirus. It operates in an inconspicuous nature comprising several parts: HIV destroys immunologically important white blood cells called T-helper cells (CD4+.) It goes inside a host cell DNA, where it can remain stays for extended periods and it inactively infects cells of monocyte lineage that can move throughout the body. It also has an affinity to nerve cells making it neurotropic and its antigenic biological properties are heterogeneous. However, HIV is distinct from acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS, which is the full syndrome that consequently damages the immune system. AIDS is a stage when anShow MoreRelatedIv Essay945 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Distribution, Associati on and Predictors of HIV prevalence among female sex workers in four North Indian states. Authors: Gunjika Misra, Damodar Sahuï€ ª, Srikanth, Yujwal Raj, Arvind Pandey Abstract: Background: With an estimated 21.17 lakh people living with HIV(1), India has the third largest HIV epidemic globally, after South Africa and Nigeria(2). The predominantly heterosexual nature of the HIV epidemic (87%) in the country makes female sex workers (FSWs) a key high-risk group for theRead MoreGenetic Determinants Of Hiv Infection807 Words   |  4 Pages Genetic determinants of HIV infection: HIV has two major types: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 has four groups M, N, O and P. These groups are further classified into subtypes. Group M is a major infecting group worldwide contributing to 90% of HIV-1 infections. Group M is classified into nine subtypes (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J and K). Subtype B is predominantly found in America and Western Europe. The susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, transmission of disease, and response to retroviral therapy dependRead MoreYoung Nigerian Gay Men And MSM : A Qualitative Study1166 Words   |  5 Pagesutilizing HIV/AIDS and STI services, the unmet needs in service delivery and the priority recommendations to scale up HIV/STI services. Through personal experiences and accounts from participants, this study provides an in-depth illustration on barriers and health gaps faced by gay men and MSM in homophobic settings. In identifying the barriers to HIV/STI service access and utilization, six themes emerged: 1) Breach of confidentiality by health care providers and the MSM community; 2) HIV status disclosureRead MoreThe Scope Of Public Health1076 Words   |  5 Pagesscience/health education, biostatistics, environmental health, health services administration, and epidemiology. Epidemiology is considered by many the foundation of public health. By general definition, epidemiology is â€Å"the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations.† In other words, epidemiologists observe and assess the proportion of disease among people. This is a very intellectually driven and tedious job with high emphasis on conducting research. EpidemiologistsRead MorePhysical And Biological Aspects Of Health881 Words   |  4 PagesAfter taking this course, my perception of what is health has definitely changes after just a couple of months of university. Prior to taking this course, I thought that health was primarily the physical and biological aspects to how an individual could maintain a healthy life or to potentially strive to have a healthy life. For example, I thought that in order for an individual to be healthy, he or she would have to engage in an exercise routine that would consist of cardio, weight training, andRead Mo reHIV: Knowledge and Altitudes of Women1474 Words   |  6 PagesHIV: Knowledge and Altitudes Of Women â€Æ' Introduction The purpose of this literature review is to examine what researchers has discovered about the knowledge and attitudes of women around the world regarding Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and protection. HIV is one of the most rapidly increasing sexually transmitted diseases today. 34. million people were living with HIV at the end of 2011. That same year, some 2.5 million people became newly infected, and 1.7 million died of AIDS-relatedRead MoreThe Epidemiology of Tuberculosis1579 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to discuss tuberculosis (TB), provide a clinical description, and discuss the determinants of health in relation to TB and the role and tasks of the community health nurse in regards to the disease. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacterium that usually affects the victim’s lungs and is spread through the air. TB spreads from one community or country to another as people travel or through immigration to new areas. Today’s modern world ofRead MoreHsa 535 Midterm Essay1098 Words   |  5 Pages | | Selected Answer: |   Ã‚   epidemic | Correct Answer: |   Ã‚   epidemic | | | | | Question 3 0 out of 5 points | | | HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is currently a ____.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: |   Ã‚   modifiable risk factor | Correct Answer: |   Ã‚   pandemic | | | | | Question 4 0 out of 5 points | | | The biological cause of a problem or disease is known as ____.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: |   Ã‚   agent | Correct Answer: |   Ã‚   etiology | Read MoreFilm And The Band Played On By Director Roger Spottiswoode2238 Words   |  9 Pagesfully understand the AIDS epidemic in the U.S., we must consider the following determinants of health: biological, psychological, and sociological factors. These three factors had determined the spread of the disease in the late twentieth century, and they still affect the global distribution of AIDS today. In the documentary-film And the Band Played On (1993), director Roger Spottiswoode effectively showcased all three factors. The film is a chronological story of the AIDS epidemic from the 1980sRead MoreEpidemiology.Research. Tuberculosis1560 Words   |  7 Pagesbody, including brain, bones, kidney. Mostly it affects the lungs and spreads through the infected droplets of saliva when the infected person talks, coughs or sneezes. According WHO fact sheets, â€Å"Tuberculosis is next to HIV/AIDS in causing death of hu man worldwide. In 2012, 8.6 million people got sick with TB and 1.3 million people died due to TB infection†(WHO, 2013). Identification and treatment of all active TB cases, and the estimated

Odyssey Themes Essay Example For Students

Odyssey Themes Essay When Homer wove the characters of The Odyssey into a story, he undoubtedly leftroom for interpretation of their actions. The characters, most of whom aredynamic, colorful, and three dimensional, are used by Homer to give a fun buttruthful commentary on the Ancient Greeks and their way of life. The actions ofone figure, the man-eating monster named Skylla, are particularly interestingwhen viewed in the context of the rest of the story. Though her contribution tothe plot is minor, Skyllas actions are important in that they arecharacteristic of several themes found throughout the poem. These themes includethe role of the female in Odysseuss struggle, the hunger (figuratively andliterally) of the characters in The Odyssey, and the commentary Homer makes onthe individuals who live lawlessly. In The Odyssey, Homer introduces many femalecharacters; some play significant roles, some are in the background. Regardlessof their importance, distinctions can be made as to their roles in the story: that is, some put forth effort to help Odysseus and the other menArete,Athena, Nausikaa, and Eurykleia are examplesand others (whom he encounters onhis voyages home) lead to the delay or destruction of them. Skylla plays therole of the latter, as do Kalypso, Kirke, and the Seirenes. Although none ofthese women actually harm Odysseus, each poses a deadly threat to him on hisvoyage. Odysseuss experience with Skylla is by far the most deadly anddisturbing. Whereas the other women succeed only in enticing and delaying thecrew, the encounter with Skylla has lethal consequences. Even though he decidesto take the sea route that passes near her lair, it seeming to be the leastdangerous of the three options, he wants nothing to do with the monster. Yet,instead of passing unscathed, six of his men are taken (XII, 294-7) as the boatsails through the channel. Homer uses an epic simile to help the readervisualize the macabre scene. He compares Skylla to a fisherman who willhook a fish and rip it from the surface / to dangle wriggling through theair (XII, 303-4). The crewmen are the fish, of course, and seem helplessas Skylla whisks them from the ship. Describing the attack, Odysseus says,and deathly pity ran me through / at that sightfar the worst I eversuffered, / questing the passes of the strange sea (308-10). It seems thathe realizes that the losses were his responsibility and that he too could easilyhave been a victim of Skyllas wrath. Earlier in the story (Book V) we see thatCalypso poses a similar, though not as deadly, threat to Odysseuss homecoming. Instead of literally grabbing for him as Skylla does, Kalypso tries to retainOdysseus by enticing him with the prospect of immortality and a life with abeautiful goddess. We are also told she has cast spells (198) on himto keep him docile and under her power. Kalypso says to Zeus, I fed him,loved him, sang that he should not die / nor grow old, ever, in all the days tocome (142-4). Despite her efforts and hospitality, Odysseus still longsfor home as he sits each day by the rocky shore with eyes wet scanning thebare horizon of the sea (165-6). He is quite happy when the day comes thathe is set free by Zeuss will. Without Zeuss intervention, Odysseus would havebeen kept indefinitely. Book X, which contains the introduction of Kirke,provides another example of near fatal attraction. This time it is not amonstrous woman or an overly hospitable nymph that brings them near theirdownfall, but an immortal who entrances her visitors so that they forget theirmotives. Whether or not Kirke inten ded to eat Odysseuss men, as Skylla does,after she turned them to swine we do not know, though it is certainly apossibility. What is known is their flawthey are men who fall prey to thedesires of women. This fact is admitted twice by Odysseus in lines 440 and 503and is the reason they end up feasting long / on roasts and wine, until ayear grew fat (504-5). Only after Odysseus is reminded of his homelanddoes he go to Kirke and plead for their release, to which she agrees. A point tomake is that in both cases, with Kalypso and Kirke, Odysseus plays the role ofthe mortal lover who has little resistance; and in all three cases, the femalescause only pain or delay. As already mentioned, six of Odysseuss men were takenby Skylla as their ship passed through the channel. The incident seemsparticularly gruesome as Odysseus recalls it for King Alkinoos: Then Skylla madeher strike, whisking six of my best men from the ship. I happened to glance aftat ship and oarsmen and caught sight of their arms and legs, dangling highoverhead. .She ate them as they shrieked there, in her den, in the diregrapple, reaching still for me- (XII, 294-307) In another description, Kirkesays that she is a horrible monster who hunts for dolphins, dogfish, orwhat bigger game and that Amphitrite feeds in thousands (XII,103-4). What a murderous appetite! Without a doubt Skylla would have whisked sixmore men away had she the opportunity. Though the action with Skylla isseemingly short, it is significant in that it reflects a quality found in malecharacters throughout the poema gluttonous appetite. Whether it is formaterial items or food, this is an attribute that many of the men in The Odysseypossess. Three examples of men who have great hunger for wealth and materialitems are King Alkinoos, King Menelaos, and Odysseus. All three have impressivepalaces filled with beautiful decor. Odysseus describes the palace at Phaiakiain Book VII, lines 85-140 as being breathtaking. The palace has highrooms whic h are airy and luminous, and the posts andlintel / were silver upon silver; golden handles curved on thedoors. Telemachus describes Menelaos home in a similar fashion in BookIV. He says how luminous it is / with bronze, gold, amber, silver, andivory! / This is the way the court of Zeus must be (74-7). Odysseussdesire for material wealth is reflected in his enormous estate, which is largeenough to support a large number (100+) of suitors helping themselves for years. wordsworth EssayBibliographyHomer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. 1961. Ed. Maynard Mack. NewYork: W.W. Norton Company, 1995. 219-503

Personal and Professional Development Reflection for Goals

Question: Discuss about thePersonal and Professional Development Reflection for Goals. Answer: Learning and communication for innovative business practice Personal and professional development reflection Throughout my course in Learning and communication for innovative business practice, I have been able to apply what I have learnt in class. The course has helped me to develop my skills as it has offered a chance for me to practice some skills through experiential learning and other activities. My instructor has been assigning work for the course in and though handling the tasks, my goals, values have been shaped. I have got to a situation where I can identify the short term, medium term and also long term goals and act upon them. All in all, the experience in using the innovation framework in my course has helped me develop my profession and my career. I am in a position to confidently say that, in my future workplace or organization, I will be efficient, productive and a problem solver through the skills I have acquired in this lesson (Spencer, Niles and Harris-Bowlsbey, 2013, p.106). I have been able to develop knowledge in setting long term goals. The goals have been categorized in two. There is professional long term goals and also personal long term goals. To start with the professional goals, they are approximated to take place after about five years of practice. One of the long term goal is to start my own business firm and accounting. This will help me develop my career and also expand the market in service delivery. This goal has changed because before I did this unit, I had a mind of getting employment and working under the organization. However, I now feel that having a larger scope of accounting field of business can help me grow and become a more productive person. I would also like to become a successful and recognized financial partner, famous and considered in quality services delivery. On the personal long term goals, I would like to have my own family. A loving family is all what I need. A loving husband who will assist me chase my ambitions and dreams is my priority in long term goals. Having children is also a long term goal. I wish to have one whom I will nurture for him to have strong values and ambitious. Finally, a nice home for my family is in the list. The course I am pursuing has helped me in selecting the kind of life I want to live. Since I have enough skills from Learning and communication for innovative business practice, I am sure I will go far to achieve my long term objectives and goals. I perceived the experience in learning to be so different then I currently do. I thought of attending the Swinburne University just to acquire education in business. My short term goals in working in a big organization in Australia was baseless in terms of performance, skills and development. However, after going through the course in Learning and communication for innovative business practice, I am able to plan for the future in a more concise way. My short term goals are aimed to; becoming an accounting expert in the line management so as I can be able to practice my skills in business field and communication along the work force. I can be able to assist other business experts in solving some of the issues pertaining social challenge. According to Quintanilla and Wahl (2015), establishing good communication strategies would help in improving the performance of an organization. When I am able to apply theories learnt in class to establish a communicative environment, it would be a great achievement to my short term goals. It is approximated to take place few years of practice after I am done with my studies. According to (Barrett Value Centre, 2017), the person you are, what upsets you, what underlies ones decision are connected to ones values. I have been able to identify my core values and ultimately hold on to them. In the unit, Learning and communication for innovative business practice, I have learnt values core ethical values which would shape my profession and make me a successful business and accounting practitioner. I hold dear integrity, fairness, trustworthiness, honesty, respect and also cooperation. In the communication skills lesson for example, I was taught to be effective. I was able to develop and experience the change of these values. In the innovative framework, I was able to familiarize myself with the organizational culture whereby, it demanded an application of cooperation principle. The course engaged me in real organizational practice. I was able to determine the values that any of my friends needed to improve and as well, I was in a position to work for my side. However, there are issues that I dont like. Overdependence and overconfidence and anxiety are enemies to development. I try so much to exterminate them so that my career can be successful and at the same time, achieve my objectives. Through the course, I have as well got to a position to identify the change in my strong points. I have come to realization that a focused and ambitious accountant needs to identify his strengths and weaknesses while still building on those strengths and overcoming then working harder for the weak areas. Among my identified strong points, there is the love for learning whereby, I am driven by quest to acquire new skills in my field of to enhance the existing knowledge in business. The course has also led me to realize my strength to perseverance in terms of challenges. Challenges in accounting and learning related challenges. Of them all, the abilities to work in a team is my strongest point. I believe in team work as team work motivates one another and creativity is enhanced. I am therefore, able to apply the point in the field and achieve my success. I have demonstrated a great deviation. I previously thought that I would be independent and handle my tasks alone due to my temperaments. However, I have changed in how I respond to issue and I am ready to work with cooperation with any one and anywhere for the better. The experiences in using the innovation framework during my study of this lesson has exposed me to the understanding of the constituents of this framework in alignment with the corporate strategies in the organizations. The constituents such as; people, tools and processes, the metrics, communication: which I spent much time on, recognition and sponsorship contributed to the vast knowledge that I could successfully use to communicate various social challenges (Hoskin, Fizzell and Cherry, 2014, p.73). Reflecting on what I have studied in class has a positive implication to the prospective workman I will become in the near future. I can therefore base all my future studies on the notion of innovative business practice. Through the course, I have learnt that for innovation to take place, one should be in a position to access learning and update the knowledge and become more productive in the workplace. My career in business is subjected to improvement as I feel that I am fully capable of performing innovative business performances. Having adequate skills in learning and communicating, I can as well be able to train, orient and also promote communication skills in a real phenomenon. I have as well been equipped with creativity skills as it is clear that innovation in business practices are intertwined. Therefore, if I may get a chance to unlock my potential as a business expert I can have ample time as the course have equipped me with the relevant skills required. I have been able to develop knowledge and skills through Learning and communication for innovative business practice lesson. I have come across the ideas of Sindell (2015) who suggests that, it is possible to fly without motor but not without knowledge and skills. This has helped me to develop skills in, prioritising and scheduling different tasks, planning and organizational skills and also innovation and creativity competency. I can comfortably handle activities in the accounting firm, may be in future, and also carry them through sustainably. The course unit has been full of case studies and experiential set ups like engagement with real organization through the class works and assigned work. The engagements have made me develop my profession and whenever I get a related task, I am confident to approach it. In conclusion, Learning and communication for innovative business practice lesson has been so engaging and helpful to potential business and accounting learners. It has been learner cantered as I count the number of times I had to conduct research in the university library, consider different organizations and their culture and finally, I have come to a point where I can directly apply that knowledge in the workplace. Since my medium term goal is to seek a job in my field of accounting, I am hopeful that presenting myself to the managers will guarantee me an opportunity to give my services. For the case where I used a value proportional pitch in my assignment to address some social change, I made an advancement in problem solving skills which I am purposing to apply for my short, medium and long-term goals (Ryan and Ryan, 2013, p.244). References Barrett Value Centre, 2017. What are Values? Darret Value Centre, Viewed 08 August 2017. Gould, N. and Taylor, I., 2017. Reflective learning for social work: research, theory and practice. Routledge. Hoskin, R.E., Fizzell, M.R. and Cherry, D.C., 2014. Financial Accounting: a user perspective. Wiley Global Education. Kolb, D.A., 2014. Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press. Quintanilla, K.M. and Wahl, S.T., 2015. Business and professional communication: Keys for workplace excellence. Sage Publications. Ryan, M. and Ryan, M., 2013. Theorising a model for teaching and assessing reflective learning in higher education. Higher Education Research Development, 32(2), pp.244-257. Sindell, M. and Sindell, T., 2015. Hidden Strengths: Unleashing the Crucial Leadership Skills You Already Have. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Spencer G.. Niles and Harris-Bowlsbey, J., 2013. Career development interventions in the 21st century. Pearson.